Strategic change management at the citibank

Citibank, a major international bank, is the consumer banking arm of fiscal services giant Citigroup. Citibank was founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, later First National City Bank of New York. As of March 2010, Citigroup is the 3rd largest bank keeping company in the United States by entire assets, after Bank of America and JP Morgan Chase.

Citibank has retail banking operations in more than 100 states and districts around the universe. More than half of its 1,400 offices are in the United States, largely in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, and Miami. Later, Citibank has expanded its operations in the Boston, Philadelphia, Houston, Dallas, and Washington, D.C., metropolitan countries.

In add-on to the standard banking minutess, Citibank offers insurance,  recognition card and investing merchandises. Their online services division is among the most successful in the field, claiming about 15 million users.

Order custom essay Strategic change management at the citibank with free plagiarism report

450+ experts on 30 subjects Starting from 3 hours delivery

Get Essay Help

As a consequence of the planetary fiscal crisis of 2008-2009 and immense losings in the value of its subprime mortgage assets, Citibank was rescued by the U.S. authorities under programs agreed for Citigroup. On November 23, 2008, in add-on to initial assistance of $ 25 billion, a farther $ 25 billion was invested in the corporation together with warrants for hazardous assets amounting to $ 306 billion. Since this clip, Citibank has repaid their authorities loans in full.

Citibank was one of the first U.S. Banks to introduce automatic Teller machines in the 1970s, in order to give 24-hour entree to histories. Customers could utilize their bing Citicard in this machine to retreat hard currency and do sedimentations, and were already accustomed to utilizing a machine with a card to acquire information that antecedently required a Teller.

Introduction

Change Management is a set of procedure of an person is been moved to another procedure for doing the success or to accomplish the aims of the administration. For eg If a individual works in India is an procedure expert if the company wants to get down a new subdivision in America. Then what the company should make? The Company should take a just determination by traveling the employee from India to America. So that he is cognizant of the procedure and he choose the adept individual who is worth for this undertaking. So alteration in the universe is common and good for the surrounding every bit good. But the alteration should do net income for an administration aims.

Strategic alteration direction is an intergrated procedure in the administration by making the scheme and implementing in to work activities. By implementing we need to supervise the activities work done by the employee so based on the regular cheque we can do a alteration to the administration every bit good as it will increase the economic growing of concern.

Change direction is a good structured designed attack by substituting the individual or squad from a current province to a coveted province or company wants him to travel for a peculiar province to accept the current alteration in concern environment for the growing of administration.

Undertaking

Need for Change

• The Changes are go oning in the administration of both external and internal issues. The undermentioned issues of point are below:
• Drastic alteration in the planetary market growing
• Changes in economic downswings
• Serious alterations in concern scheme
• Technological alterations in concern
• Expanding concern widely

All Organisation have to do their ain alterations, otherwise they will be traveling in the same pacing, they cant accomplish more what the other does. So strategic alterations is something really indispensable for a concern success. To mee the challenges decidedly the administration needs a alteration from both the external and internal environment

Citibank as a private are confronting some of the challenges, the following below alterations are below:

• Economic downswing: Everyone is cognizant the planetary market is in a serious crisis place now. In this state of affairs severely affected state in America and Europe. Because of Lehman brother bankrupt the company happening a difficult place now. Lehman brother was 4th largest investing bank in the USA, because of the bankruptcy the America is in a critical state of affairs. This should non go on to others Bankss, So because of this every bank is utilizing new scheme to get the better of with this state of affairs. This economic downswing made a great prostration on banking sector.
• Competitive force per unit area: India is the 2nd largest population in the state. In India we can happen many private Bankss to its best and they give the service to the custome is besides outstanding. Now this is the clip every bank should utilize the scheme to convey clients with our bank. So the Citibank has started a new installation by reassigning the financess to other Bankss by NEFT. This was non introduced in the othere Bankss. So everyone attending has turned to Citibank. So this is there we need to implement the scheme and do successful. So this would make a competitory force per unit area to other Bankss.
• Technological Development: In last few old ages engineering has been developed a huge and it helps in many ways for us. Some of the Bankss do n't hold installation of reassigning the financess to other individual for the same bank he has the history. We can reassign the sum but it will take one twenty-four hours for enrollment so we can reassign the money. Citibank has came up with new scheme by with in a minute money will be transferred to the history. If we had that individual in to the payee list. Because of the technological development it make really easier to the client.
• Planing for extension: Citibank standard pressure has batch of subdivision over Chennai and Mumbai metropoliss, as a provender back from clients they have opened batch of standard pressure for clients welfare. So by making a broad extension they can retain their largest market place.
• Stake holders demand: Its nil but who participates in the administration by straight or indirectly. Directly means those who have invested the money in the administration. Their demand is similar company should gain net income and they have to exceed listed in the planetary market. Indirectly means clients, their demand is like online services, standard pressure services, sedimentations and payment in online. So this will actuate the bank for alteration.

Driving Factors that influence the alteration

• Changes does non take topographic point in every short piece,
• There are some of import drive factors which plays to be an of import function for alteration in the administration.
• There are two parts of factor external and internal.
• External Factors: The External environment factors are of two different types the general environment and undertaking environment.

External Environment

The general environment of administration are listed below:

• Political alterations and execution of a new authorities
• Current economic system alterations such as lifting down of stock market and exchange rates
• Technological alteration which may impact the human life in both merchandises and procedure
• Legal deduction of new authorities constabularies
• Clearly these factors are apart from influence in alteration in the administration.
• Decidedly the administration will over come the challenges would make good and expect to these development as they translate straight or either a menace that must get the better of an chance.

Internal environments

Internal factors play a major function for altering in an administration. These factors are driving the alteration and do the administration support for accomplishing the aim.

• Change of Management: Each and every administration make a alteration over the main executive officer after some old ages of service. When a new main executive office comes in to the administration do some new strategic alterations to the administration.
• Fiscal Issue: By and large every administration want to do the budget competitory for the undertaking. They need the end product consequence to be effectual in minimal budget. This is what every organizational aim. In some times this habit work out in some of the undertakings, in this instance they will do the alteration to cut down the budget sum.
• Technological Development: In this modern universe everyday a batch of new innovations have been invented new by the bookmans to advance the concern, do the life convenient and comfy. Administration can publicize their concern by the engineering they can utilize the chance and competite others.

In instance of Citibank, have some of the factors which driven its alteration in the last few old ages.

• Economic Downturn: In the planetary recession Citibank has been severely affected for eg Citibank back end BPO undertakings have been outsourced to india in the name of Citigroup planetary services, one time the recession affected the market every bit good as the insolvent of lehman brothers as affected the America severely. At that clip citigroup has been acquired by TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES. Otherwise it would be hard for the administration to go on their concern.
• Political issue: By and large harmonizing to the new authorities regulations and ordinance, the bank will adhere to the policy and do a new scheme harmonizing to the new statute law.
• Technological Development: When comparing with other bank ever Citibank at the top. Their service is outstanding eg online service is user friendly to the clients. They make usage of the full engineering development.
• Customers outlook: Citibank ever fulfil their client demands. Eg they provide sms service to pay the measure or to cognize the outstanding sum of the measure. Apart from that they are making excess services like paying the nomadic measure, electricity measure etc.
• Demographical state of affairs: Citibank has batch of subdivision in India and other chief metropoliss like Chennai and Mumbai, So they have the program to open the brach in distant small towns of citi for the benefit of the client petition and the feedback. This will creat a excess ordinary alteration in socio economic system of India.
• Pressure from the challengers: By and large in India there are batch of private Bankss which is really competitory, Citibank has done many scheme alterations to do the bank as alone, for eg. Those who lend the money for mortgage, the citi has came front and offer loan in an attractive involvement to the clients.

The above factors discussed here which plays the major function for alteration in the administration. I have non listed down all the factors. Whatever the factor that is non of import, organizational alteration is the procedure which is related to growing of the administration. Its failure or success but the alteration is really of import to the administration to accomplish the organizational aim.

Resource Deductions

Resources are the major factors of the administration. The better resources can convey the gross and chance to the administration. Organisation use different resources to accomplish their ends. The major resources used by the administration are described below:

1. Human Resources
2. Fiscal Resources
3. Physical Resources

Human Resources: Human resources is the most of import resources in the administration. They maintain all other section in the administration like, admin, cafertaria, selling, supplier etc. HR squad is the 1 who recruit people for other section. If a new procedure comes to the administration they are one who recruit people harmonizing to the standards of the procedure. HR squad facilitates other functions in the administration like employees demands and preparations etc. To achive the organizational end alteration is much needed for administration.

• Fiscal Resources: Finance is really much of import to the administration, with out that nil can be done. For each and everything we need finance. Eg to give preparation to employees and initiation to new people for each and everything we need money. So the company will concentrate on finance, they need a good end product with minimal budget. In the recession period many of the Bankss have faced the jobs. Some of the Bankss have reduced the wage of the employees of the bank.
• Physical Resources: Physical resources support the human resources section to make the occupation decently in a right manner. For eg human resources can non make all the work with out proper physical resources. Infrastructure, transit, machine are coming under the physical resources which can assist for human resources and together they can accomplish for organizational growing.

Systems of affecting stakeholders

Stakeholders are the people who have involvement in the administration or have influence or power over it. For alterations in the administration stakeholders plays a major function. The internal stakeholders have more power and more involvement. Some have low powe and high involvement. Stakeholders support is really indispensable to organisation with out their support alterations is non possible.

The Key interest holders may split into two classes:

1. Internal
2. External

• Internal Stakeholders: Internal stakeholders are people who work inside the administration is called internal stakeholders. For eg client, employees and direction. They are the most effectual to the alterations go oning in the administration.
• External Stakeholders: The people who are outside the administration are called external stakeholders. For eg provider, purchaser, authorities etc.
• Stakeholders of Citibank: Citibank stakeholders play a major function in alterations of administration. They are the 1 who accept alteration and do it successful. With out them alterations is non possible. They have to accept the alteration so that we can accomplish our organizational aim. The stakeholder of Citibank can depict as followers:
• Investors: The investors of bank is vey of import. In that stakeholder is the investor. So he is more of import to administration. So they have the full influence to alterations in the administration.
• Employees: Employees of the administration plays a major function in alteration of administration. When the alterations need to the administration, the direct support comes from the employees to alter or defy the alteration. All the employees of the bank in the administration are cardinal interest holders of the administration.
• Management: Management is entirely responsible for the growing of the administration. They are the 1 who implement the scheme and implement in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities and do success for the administration.
• Customers: Cutomers are the plus to the administration, when the alterations place in the administration client focal point to the administration. Equally good as bank is really acute on client when the alteration is traveling on.
• Share holders: Stockholders are the proprietor of the administration. The bank gives high precedence to the stockholders, with out their determination the bank can non alter anything in the administration. Stockholders have high involvement and high precedence in the administration.
• Community: Community is something really of import, bank have to look around whats go oning because some of the Muslim Bankss are giving involvement free as that is spiritual to them. So like that we need to give low involvement of mortgage to clients, so that client attending will turn around.
• Government: Government is one type of stakeholder in the administration. Because we are paying corporate revenue enhancement to the authorities every bit good as they have the strong power on the concern. Bank obeys legislative functions made by the authorities.
• Stakeholders of the administration has every power to alter in the administration and implement the alteration in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities. Once the stakeholder gives the suggestion, direction will believe about the alteration and implement the same in to administration. The stakeholders have more privilege to happen the alteration in the administration as they have more involvement in the administration.

Involving stakeholders in the alteration direction scheme

Involving stakeholders in the scheme alteration is depend on the realationship between the stakeholders and the administration. The stairss affecting stakeholders are below:

• Identifying their involvement in administration
• Identify the end product strategic challenges
• Graph the relationship between
• Recongnise the of import stakeholder from the administration
• As per mendelows matrix the stakeholders of classification is described below
• High power + High involvement = Investors, Executive organic structure
• High Power + Low involvement = Government,
• Low power + High involvement = Employees, stockholders
• Low power + Low involvement = Customers, community

Evaluation of the systems used to affect stakeholders

Change in the administration will be success merely if we on a regular basis do the audit cheque on that peculiar alterations. So we can be cognizant of whats go oning because the impact of failure of an effectual alteration can be really high, losing in market, altering in senior direction, losing of employees.

In the recent Citibank has made a major alterations in the organisaiton: They have message services, on-line services those who lend the money for mortage is really low involvement to the cutomers. By implementing this alterations they have used some methods to affect its stakeholder in the alteration direction scheme.

• Meetings: Citibank has arranged meeting with his stakeholders to portion the position of alteration in the organizational scheme
• Coaching: Citibank is on a regular basis supervising the employees. If an employee sticks in to the same procedure for two to three, old ages the employee will experience really world-weary to work, so he needs a alteration, so the administration will come forepart and give coaching about the other procedure, so that employee should be ready to accept the alteration.
• Delegating: Its one of the methods to affect the interest holders in the alteration direction procedure. The direction can delegate some of the undertaking by spliting between the squad to depute the work decently. This will do a immense alteration procedure in the administration.
• Presentation: It is one of the utile methods to understand the stakeholder. The bank will put up power point presentation and do them understand what we are making in the administration. So that stakeholders are cognizant of what we are making in the administration.

Resistance to alter

Resistance to alter can be defined as an individual or squad engaging in Acts of the Apostless to halt or interrupt an effort to present alteration. Resistance itself can do different signifiers from undergoing of alteration enterprises in the administration.

Two types of opposition can be considered

Resistance to the content of alteration: A alteration in the engineering or advanced to a peculiar wages for acknowledgment.

Resistance to the procedure of alteration: This type of alteration is for the affected employees. With out anterior information a occupation is been assigned to the employees. After direction knows they go for a alteration in the administration.

Stairss should be taken to pull off the opposition of alteration in the administration:

• Negotiation
• Edit Review

Management should be cognizant of whats traveling about in the administration, because alteration in the administration is something is non really easy to alter. First the direction squads go for the treatment and comes to the decision what should be implemented or non in the administration. Then once more they have to put up the meeting for the stakeholders, we need to explicate the advantages of the alterations in the administration to stockholders and do them understand. At last we have to convey the alterations to the employees.

We conclude for whatever the alterations might be in the organisaiton. And what of all time the ground the alterations have made necessary to implement in the administration. The alterations in the administration is really much effectual to accomplish organizational aims.

Models of Strategic Change

There are many theoretical accounts of strategic alteration:

• 7S Model - Mckinsey
• Five phases passage circle - Kulber - Rose
• Eight stairss to successful alteration - John P kotters
• Change direction theoretical account - Kurt luwin
• Casual Change theoretical account - Burke - Litwin

7S theoretical account of Mckinsey: The 7S theoretical account can be used in a assortment of state of affairs where an alignment position is utile, below are the undermentioned illustrations:

1. It helps to better the public presentation of the company
2. Directors are willing to analyze and larn its purpose and ground and put to death the theoretical account
3. It will assist to make a great concern

• Scheme: Plan for allotment of a house scarce resources, overtime to make identified ends.
• Structure: The administration is good structured and centralized.
• System: Day to twenty-four hours work in administration and processs should be follow employee
• Shared Valuess: This deals a major value to the company that influence the corporate civilization and the general work in administration.
• Manner: The cardinal function of director is adopted in the administration.
• Staff: Number of employees in the administration.
• Skills: Highly skilled employees are working in the administration.

The Mckinsey 7S theoretical account involves seven interdependent factors which are categorized as either difficult or soft elements:

Difficult elements are Strategy, Structure and System.

Soft elements are Shared values, accomplishments, manner and staff.

• `` Hard '' elements are easier to specify or place and direction can straight act upon them: These are scheme statements ; organisation charts and describing lines ; and formal procedures and IT systems.
• `` Soft '' elements, on the other manus, can be more hard to depict, and are less touchable and more influenced by civilization. However, these soft elements are every bit of import as the difficult elements if the organisation is traveling to be successful.

Puting Shared Values in the center of the theoretical account emphasizes that these values are cardinal to the development of all the other critical elements. The company 's construction, scheme, systems, manner, staff and skills all root from why the organisation was originally created, and what it stands for. The original vision of the company was formed from the values of the Godheads. As the values change, so make all the other elements.

Evaluations of relevancy of theoretical accounts of strategic alteration

Administration is doing alterations harmonizing to the current state of affairs and current economic system. There are so many theoretical accounts in strategic alteration but we can non implement all the scheme in to the administration. We need to implement the right scheme in a right clip to put to death the success of the administration. Among the other theoretical accounts of strategic alteration Kurt Lewins theoretical account is used in most of the instances.

Administration should utilize this theoretical account for strategic alteration for organizational development. For a alteration administration should alter the main executive officer and the pull offing manager for accomplishing the organizational aim. So that new pull offing manager introduce new online banking service and atm service. At the get downing the employees wont accept the alteration. But subsequently on we should state the advantage of the alterations in to the administration. Then the new executive of the bank go for a alteration to pull off the administration.

First the bank should set up the meeting with the subdivision director and the whole employee of the administration and the backend squad. And they should do understand the alterations and benefits to the administration. When the directors understand the importance of alteration in the administration, so they will cascade the message to the employees, in this manner all the employees will cook for the alteration and move for their comfort zone.

Second the direction should be cognizant of alterations is really of import in the administration. This phase of alteration is needed when the state of affairs arises for the administration. The alterations will do the employees preparation, mentoring, groupdiscussion, so that employees could larn the alterations and implement in the work.

At the terminal alteration has been made now the directors and employees together should execute and accomplish the ends of the organisaiton.

Assessment of the value of utilizing strategic intercessions techniques in administrations

The field of administration utilizing a assortment of procedures, attacks, methods, techniques, applications to turn to organizational issues and to accomplish the organizational aim and to increase the public presentation of the administration.

Human procedure intercessions: With today 's strong importance on human values. The undermentioned intercessions are acquiring a great trade to the organisaiton. And that will alter the administration to different range over the clients. The human procedure will make a undertaking and do them understand the benefits of alteration over the administration. The undermentioned intercessions will be helpful to alter the undertakings in the organisation. New employees, different civilizations working together, many ailments among organisational members, many struggles, low morale, high turnover, uneffective squads, etc.

These strategic alteration intercessions will do a immense alteration in the organisation. The organisation arranged preparation for the employees and they should supervise the self rating of the employee. This will do the alteration in operational system successfully.

Develop appropriate theoretical account for alteration

Today organisation face rapid alteration like ne'er before, Globalization has increased the market and chances for growing and gross. Ability to pull off alteration to run into the stakeholders demands is really of import by todays leaders and directors.

Measure one: Create urgency

• For alteration to go on, it helps if the whole company truly wants it. Develop a sense of urgency around the demand for alteration. This may assist you trip the initial motive to acquire things traveling.
• Identify possible menaces, and develop scenarios demoing what could go on in the hereafter.
• Examine chances that should be, or could be, exploited.
• Start honest treatments, and give dynamic and convincing grounds to acquire people speaking and thought.
• Request support from clients, outside stakeholders and industry people to beef up your statement.

Measure Two: Form a Powerful Alliance

• Identify the true leaders in your organisation.
• Ask for an emotional committedness from these cardinal people.
• Work on squad edifice within your alteration alliance.
• Check your squad for weak countries, and guarantee that you have a good mix of people from different sections and different degrees within your company.

Measure Three: Make a Vision for Change

• A clear vision can assist everyone understand why you 're inquiring them to make something. When people see for themselves what you 're seeking to accomplish, so the directives they 're given tend to do more sense.
• Make a scheme to put to death that vision.
• Ensure that your alteration alliance can depict the vision in five proceedingss or less.
• Practice your `` vision address '' frequently.

Measure Four: Communicate the Vision

• It 's besides of import to `` walk the talk. '' What you do is far more of import - and credible - than what you say. Show the sort of behavior that you want from others.
• Talk frequently about your alteration vision.
• Openly and candidly address peoples ' concerns and anxiousnesss.
• Use your vision to all facets of operations - from developing to public presentation reappraisals. Tie everything back to the vision.
• Lead by illustration.

Measure Five: Remove Obstacles

• If you follow these stairss and make this point in the alteration procedure, you 've been speaking about your vision and edifice buy-in from all degrees of the organisation. Hopefully, your staff wants to acquire busy and achieve the benefits that you 've been advancing.
• In the above figure, we see that there are some forces which want the proposed alteration called drive force
• First identified these both forces to implement alteration in right manner. Then it arranged sitting with the restraining forces to develop a sense of urgency into them and utilize the drive forces to actuate the resistance instead than contradiction.
• Second the bank found some powerful people who positively support the demand for alteration. It formed alliance with authorization, deputation, position and expertness. It besides ensures the squad to hold a good mix of people from different degrees and different countries.
• Finally, it developed a sense of demand of alteration in all sort of stakeholders of the bank e.g. clients, employees, managers, investors, community and others. It besides introduced reward people for doing alteration happened.

Plan to implement a theoretical account for alteration

Administrations use some tools to implement a theoretical account for alteration. Organisational development, concern procedure re-engineering, delayring and rightsizing, push and draw scheme are the most common tools used for execution of alteration theoretical account.

Business procedure re-engineering: Business procedure reengineering ( frequently referred to by the acronym BPR ) is the chief manner in which organizations become more efficient and modernize.

The two basiss of any organisation are the people and the procedures. Even the act of documenting concern processes entirely will typically better organisational efficiency by 10 % .engineering transforms an organisation in ways that straight affect public presentation.

1. Envision new procedures
2. Originating alteration
3. Procedure diagnosing
4. Procedure redesign
5. Reconstruction
6. Procedure monitoring

The most common attack to treat betterment is to take an under-performing procedure, which is cardinal to accomplishing the concern aims, and put about a systematic analysis to find the most of import countries for passing. These are so tackled on a project-by-project footing. The analysis and betterment is tackled by a impermanent Procedure Improvement Team drawn chiefly from people within the procedure.

We may reason the point in this manner that administrations need to utilize techniques before execution of any alteration. Otherwise it may convey catastrophe for the administration by opposition force to alter. It besides recommended that assorted tools or techniques may be used in incorporate manner for execution of alteration in the administrations.

Appropriate steps to supervise advancement

Effective alteration is needed to supervise the advancement of alteration. Monitoring the advancement of alteration is most of import for effectual alteration. Change is a procedure, where there might be some incorrect with people and some incorrect with procedure. Change does non take topographic point without proper monitoring over the procedure. Directors are required to maintain an oculus on the on-going alteration and the reaction of this alteration. The rating of alteration advancement can split into following classes.

1. Goal-based rating
2. Procedure based rating
3. Outcome based rating

• Goal-based rating: All alterations are happened based on some end or aims. When the alteration is traveling on, the alteration agent should concentrate on these ends, is the end of this alteration accomplishing or non.
• Process-based rating: Change must travel through the procedure. Change is depending on the right procedure, the better the procedure, the alteration would be more effectual. In this alteration procedure, someplace may any misidentify ; directors should look on it and get the better of the error in proper manner, or sometimes he/she can redact or reexamine the procedure once more.
• Out-come based rating: Result is cardinal factor of organizational alterations. That is why, the rating of the alteration advancement should be outcome based. What was the mark of this proposed alteration and how much achieved should be identified. Otherwise, it will be waste of clip, waste of money. Bank used these techniques of advancement monitoring of alteration.
• Meetings: Bank should set up meetings with the peculiar groups involved in the alteration procedure to supervise the advancement.
• Coverage: Bank besides used to keep coverage of advancement of alteration on hebdomadal, monthly and quarterly footing. This is a strong index of the advancement.
• Quality circles: It is another tool used by Bank to supervising the alteration advancement. It formed a group incorporating few members to supervise the overall quality of the alteration advancement.
• Milestones: All alterations have a milepost. Without any deadline no advancement can take topographic point. Bank prioritise this tool of alteration advancement to measure its alteration procedure.

Decision

Today, squads and organisations face rapid alteration like ne'er earlier. Globalization has increased the markets and chances for more growing and gross. However, progressively diverse markets have a broad assortment of demands and outlooks that must be understood if they are to go strong clients and confederates. Therefore, the ability to pull off alteration, while go oning to run into the demands of stakeholders, is a really of import accomplishment required by today 's leaders and directors.

Bank made alterations in the administration during last few old ages to hook up with planetary economic system and competitory market. The bank used different strategic alteration theoretical account to run into the needed alteration for organizational ends and aims. It besides used the strategic intercession techniques successfully to implement the alteration e.g. concern procedure re-engineering, organizational development, cultural alteration etc in proper manner.

It is recommended that all the alteration procedure should affect all sort of stakeholders of administration. It is really of import to affect people from different degrees and different sections of the administration, do them understand the demand for alteration, place the impulsive factors of alteration, pull off the opposition to alter by communicating, deputation and redesign the alteration procedure and eventually make an urgency of alteration among the stakeholders. When the people know their ain duty for the alteration, so it will go easy for the direction to do alteration effectual.

Don't let plagiarism ruin your grade

Run a free check or have your essay done for you

Check my essay Hire Writer